Grape pests and diseases are a natural disaster that directly affects the yield, quality and market supply of grapes. In recent years, due to the rapid development of grape production, the types of pests and diseases have also increased, and the law of occurrence is also complicated. Therefore, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. In the actual prevention and control process, broad-spectrum chemical pesticides are often used to make pathogens and pests resistant, killing natural enemies and polluting the environment. In particular, grapes are used for fresh food. The problem of residual residues after using chemical pesticides is more prominent. It is urgent to implement prevention and treatment, and comprehensive management of plant protection work guidelines, combined with the role of grape pests and diseases. In the comprehensive prevention and control, it is necessary to take measures based on agricultural control, rationally use chemical pesticide control, biological control, physical control and other measures to economically, safely and effectively control pests and diseases, so as to improve production and quality, protect the environment and the people. The purpose of health.
I. Plant Quarantine The best way to prevent pests and diseases is to prevent dangerous pathogens and pests from entering new areas that have never occurred. Phytosanitary is the main technical measure to prevent the spread of diseases and insects.
On-site or production quarantine of seeds, seedlings, scions, seedlings and agricultural products transported between import and export and domestic areas, materials with pathogens and pests are found to be treated before reaching the new area or before entering the new area. If observations are set up and isolation observations are carried out, it is strictly forbidden to transport seeds, seedlings, scions, seedlings and agricultural products that have been infected or carry pathogens and pests from the affected areas. The quarantine object should be found to be extinguished in time. Through quarantine, effective prevention or restriction of the spread and spread of dangerous pests plays an active role in preventing the invasion of plant pests and diseases that have not occurred in various places. For example, grape root nodules, American white moths and grape cancer diseases are the main quarantine objects in China. So far, the control effects on these dangerous pests and diseases have been good, and no large-area damage has been caused.
Second, agricultural measures
(1) Keeping the orchard clean Do a good job of cleaning the orchard is a fundamental measure to eliminate grape pests and diseases. It is required to concentrate on the annual spring and autumn seasons, and cut the dead branches and leaves of the winter shears, peel off the old skins, clean them, concentrate them to burn or bury them deeply, and reduce the harm of the leap year. When pests and diseases are found in the long season, the diseased branches, ears, fruit and leaves should be cut off in time and destroyed immediately to prevent further spread.
(II) Improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the frame. The foliage of the grape frame is too dense, the ear is too much, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and it is prone to pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to timely affix the vines and remove the secondary tips to create a good ventilation and light transmission conditions. Ears close to the ground can be suspended with a rope to prevent pests and diseases.
(III) Strengthening water and fertilizer management Fertilization and irrigation must be determined according to the growth and development needs of the fruit trees and the fertility of the soil. Application of organic fertilizer or inorganic compound fertilizer can enhance excessive fruit tree fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, soil water accumulation or drought, and can promote the occurrence of pests and diseases; orchards with low terrain should pay attention to drainage and flood control, promote the normal growth of plant roots, and help to enhance The tree is resistant to stress.
(4) Deep-turning and weeding Combined with the deep-turning of the base fertilizer, the pests and germs on the surface of the soil can be buried in the fertilization ditch to reduce the source of pests and diseases. The worms, worms and larvae in the soil near the roots of the grape plants should be dug out and concentrated. The fallen leaves and weeds in the orchard are the places where diseases and pests overwinter and reproduce, so as to reduce pests and diseases.
3. Breeding pest-resistant varieties The application of resistant varieties in production is the most economical and effective method for controlling pests and diseases, and it has already attracted people's attention. The varieties with strong resistance to pests and diseases or interspecific hybridization have obvious effects. In recent years, Kangtai, a grape variety cultivated on the production, has been selected from the natural bud change of Kangbair. It is not only resistant to cold, but also resistant to downy mildew and powdery mildew. There are also the Kyoho group varieties of European and American hybrids introduced from Japan, which are also resistant to black acne and anthracnose, and are very popular among growers. It has also been reported that grape rootstocks resistant to nodule and anti-nematodes have been introduced from abroad, such as harmony and freedom, and the grape seedlings cultivated by asexual grafting can achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases of grape roots.
Biological control Biological control is an important part of comprehensive prevention and control. It mainly includes pest control, bacteria treatment and other aspects. It is characterized by the safety of fruit trees and humans and animals, does not pollute the environment, does not harm natural enemies and beneficial organisms, and has long-term control effects. At present, the application of agricultural anti-402 bio-pesticides in grape production is applied at the cancerous tumor after resection, which has better control effect. Nongkang 120 is a new type of antibiotic studied by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in recent years. Among them, 120A and 120BF can be used as an ideal biological agent for the prevention and treatment of grape powdery mildew, and also have a good effect on grape black pox disease. In addition, there are many natural enemy insects in nature, protecting and using natural enemies, and controlling pests in orchards is a biological prevention work that cannot be ignored.
V. Physical control The method of killing or repelling harmful organisms by using the specific response and tolerance of fruit pathogens and pests to temperature and spectral sound. For example, the virus-free grape seedlings cultivated on the production often use a potential treatment method to remove the virus. It has been reported that the seedlings can be removed from the stem pox after being treated at 30 ° C for more than one month. According to the characteristics of phototaxis of some pests, black light lamps are installed in the orchard to trap pests. The application is more common and the control effect is better, but the number of natural enemies is minimized. It can also be captured and killed, and the method is simple and economical.
6. Chemical Control The application of chemical pesticides to control the occurrence of pests and diseases is a necessary means for the prevention and control of fruit trees and pests. An important part of comprehensive prevention and control. Although chemical pesticides have problems such as polluting the environment, killing natural enemies and residual poisons, they have the advantage that other control methods cannot be replaced. Such as quick results, good results, broad spectrum, easy to use, suitable for large-area mechanical operations.
The second section of major diseases and their prevention and treatment techniques
First, grape black pox disease
(I) Symptoms The disease can infect the leaves, fruits, new shoots, petioles, fruit stems, cobs, tendrils and inflorescences of grapes, especially in younger parts. At the beginning of the leaf, there are small spots of reddish brown to dark brown in the shape of the needle eye. There is a halo around the pale color, which gradually enlarges to form a nearly circular or irregular shape with a diameter of 1 to 4 mm. The center is grayish white. Sag, dark brown or purple brown at the edges. In the late stage, the mesophyll was ruptured and the leaves were perforated. The veins are damaged by polygonal lesions, causing the leaves to shrink and deform, which seriously affects photosynthesis. The fruit surface has a nearly round light brown spot, and the lesion is purple-brown around the center. The center is grayish white and slightly concave. It is very similar to the bird's eye, so it is called bird eye disease. There are tiny black spots on the lesions, which are conidia discs. The affected fruit grows slowly, green, and the hard acid sometimes cracks and loses its edible value. The new shoots, petioles, cobs, and inflorescences produce lesions with a dark brown ellipsoidal depression. The area of ​​the lesion gradually turns grayish black and the edges are purple-black or dark brown.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of wintering pathogens After the fall leaves, combined with winter shears to completely remove the dead skin on the diseased vines, diseased leaves, diseased fruits and main vines, concentrated deep or burned.
2. Chemical control Beijing sprays 50 stone sulphur mixture before the grape is buried in the cold; when the disease is serious, when the grape bud scale enlarges in early spring, spray 2~30 stone sulphur mixture plus 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol it is good. Or single spray 3 ~ 50 stone sulphur mixture, or sodium pentachlorophenol 200 ~ 300 times liquid plus 10 stone sulphur mixture; or 25% of other rot (double bismuth salt) 200 ~ 400 times liquid, eliminate winter pathogens, and cure rust wallè™±, scale insects, etc.
3. When the grape shoots grow to 3 to 5 leaves, spray the Bordeaux mixture (1:0.5-0.7:200-240) once every 10 days, or 50% carbendazim WP 800 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 to 1000 times liquid, or 65% dasen zinc wettable powder 500 to 600 times liquid. The above agents should be used interchangeably to prevent drug resistance.
Second, grape white rot
(1) Symptoms The disease is mainly caused by the ear, and sometimes the new shoots and leaves are also invaded. Generally, the ear close to the ground has its ear shaft and fruit stem first, and the water-stained lesions appear in the initial part of the victim site, gradually expanding, surrounding the cob, making the fruit soft and rot, and the disease particles are easy to fall off during vibration. An off-white small grain spot, a conidia, is produced on the surface of the rotten fruit. The surface of the fruit that has been softened during the wet season is broken and overflows with pale yellow mucus.
The conidial spores of the water-stained brown irregular pathogens at the beginning of the disease, the branches of the branches are dry and dry, the epidermis is separated from the xylem, and the cortex of the diseased part is fissure-like. Sometimes the callus is formed on the upper part of the diseased part, which becomes tumor-like, causing the upper part of the diseased branch to turn yellow or reddish brown until it is dry and dead. Most of the leaves are on the tip of the leaf or on the edge of the leaf. The early stage of the lesion is a water-stained light brown near-circular or irregular large lesion, which produces a gray-white small grain spot, which is a pathogen conidia.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Removal of pathogens During the onset of the disease and the removal of diseased ears, diseased grains and diseased leaves on the trees and above the ground, the deep burial will not only reduce the re-infection and reduce the number of overwintering bacteria. After the autumn leaves, completely remove the diseased tissues such as diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits in the garden to reduce the pathogens of wintering.
2. Strengthen the cultivation and management, rationally pruning, timely tying the vines, picking the heart, removing the secondary shoots and thinning leaves, creating a ventilated and light-transparent environment to reduce the incidence, and adding organic fertilizer, foliar topdressing, making the tree strong and improving disease resistance. force. In addition, the fruit near the ground. Sleeve bagging can also reduce the infection of bacteria.
3. Chemical control
(1) eradicating wintering pathogens: spray 3~50 stone sulphur mixture on the tree and ground before spraying in the early spring, or spray 50% Fumei arsenic wettable powder 200 times liquid, or spray 5% gram dandan wettable powder 200 times The liquid has a good effect on eradicating the overwintering bacteria, and can treat anthracnose, powdery mildew downy mildew, brown spot disease and the like.
(2) Spray protection: after the leaf is combined with the treatment of black pox, spray 50% Fumei double wettable powder 500-700 times liquid, or 50% antibacterial WP 800 times liquid, or 75% chlorothalonil The wettable powder is 600 to 800 times liquid. Due to the strong anti-copper force of white rot fungus, the effect of spraying Bordeaux mixture is not good.
Third, grape anthracnose
(1) Symptoms The disease is mainly harmful to the fruit, and the cob and the fruit stem can also be harmed. Grapes are the most severely affected when the berries are close to maturity in the late stage of coloration, so they are called late rot. Generally, the tip of the ear near the ground first occurs. In the initial stage, water-stained brown spots appear on the fruit surface, gradually expanding, showing a round dark brown lesion, slightly concave. After 2 to 3 days, small black spots are generated and arranged. It is concentric, which is the conidial disk of the pathogen. In the rainy and humid weather, pink or orange-red splits (conidia and conidia) flow out of the plate. In severe cases, the lesion spreads to the entire fruit surface, and the fruit becomes soft and rot, gradually losing water and shrinking, and becomes a dead fruit. When the fruit stems and cobs are damaged, elliptic plaques are formed, which affects fruit ripening. The leaves are densely rounded with small brown spots. When they are severe, they are even one by one. The leaves turn yellow and fall off.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of wintering pathogens Combine winter pruning to remove the secondary shoots, cobs, tendrils, and stiff fruits that remain on the plants and scaffolds, and completely remove the dead leaves and fallen leaves from the ground.
2. Kill the sterilized filament mycelium mainly over the winter on the 1-year-old branch, spray 500 times before the germination, or 100-200 times the arsenic, or spray 30 stone sulphur mixture plus 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenol 200 A strong bactericide such as a mixture of liquids to eliminate wintering pathogens.
3. Chemical control When the conidia appear in the middle to late June to the beginning of July, spray 800 to 1000 times of detoxifying WP, or 500 to 800 times, or half amount every 10 days or so. Bordeaux mixture 200 times solution, have received good results. But should be used alternately to improve the efficacy
Fourth, grape downy mildew
(I) Symptoms Grape downy mildew is mainly harmful to leaves, but also harmful to new shoots, flower buds and young parts of young fruit. Irregular light yellow translucent oil-immersed small spots appear on the front of the leaves, gradually expanding in green, and the edge boundaries are not obvious. Most of the small spots are connected into an irregular or polygonal large lesion, and yellowish white is produced on the back of the leaves. The frosty mildew layer turns into a light brown color in the later stage of the disease, which is dried and cracked and curled. When severe, the leaves fall off. The young shoots also showed oily (or water) immersion lesions with yellow-white mildew on the surface, but less than the leaves. The lesion spreads longitudinally faster, the color gradually becomes brown, and it is slightly sunken. In severe cases, the new shoot stops growing and twists and dies. In the early stage of the disease, the diseased part became pale green, and the late stage spots became dark brown and subsided, producing a layer of creamy white mold, and the fruit became hard and atrophied. When the fruit is half-sized, it is damaged. The diseased part becomes brown, and the soft and rot are easy to fall off, but there is no mold layer, and there is not a small amount of diseased fruit shrinking on the tree. Generally, the fruit does not develop from the coloring to the maturity.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of pathogens During the growing season and autumn pruning, the diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, and concentrated burns should be completely removed.
2. Strengthen management During the growth period, the excess auxiliary shoots and leaves are cut off in time to create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season, reduce humidity, and pay attention to reducing the chance that the soil will be sprinkled on the leaves by the rain spores. In addition, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the application of more lime in acidic soils can improve the disease resistance of the disease-resistant trees of the trees.
(3) Chemical control A small amount of Bordeaux mixture is sprayed once every 10 days before the onset of the disease for protection. Immediately after the onset, spray 50% captan 5,000 times solution, or 65% sensitized zinc 500 times solution, or 40% ethyl phosphate aluminum 200 times solution, or 25% metalaxyl 800 to 1000 times solution, or 58% toxic Mn-Zn wettable powder 600 times solution. In addition, 25% of the creamy wettable powder 20,000 times liquid is better wetted with the zinc, the mancozeb, and the thiram 1000 times, and can simultaneously treat other diseases occurring in the same period.
V. Grape powdery mildew (1) Pathogens The pathogen mainly invades the green parts of the leaves, new shoots and ears of the grapes. Old mature organs do not develop. The leaves begin to produce an off-white powder on the surface, the mycelium and conidia of the pathogen. When the disease is severe, the whole leaves are covered with white powder, which causes the multiple curls to wither and fall off. Sometimes a small black spot is produced, which is the closed capsule of the spore. The surface of the leaf under the pink spot is brown spotted, and in severe cases, the whole leaf is scorched. After the fruit is damaged, the fruit surface is covered with white powder. After the powder is removed from the lesion, a brown star-shaped pattern appears, and the epidermal cells die. The fruit stops growing, sometimes becomes deformed and tastes sour. When the fruit grows up, it is sick when it is rainy, and the disease is cracked and rotted. The surface of the fruit stalk and the new shoot showed grayish white powder spots. The snow spots or irregular brown spots formed under the powder spots at the later stage, which made the cobs and fruit stalks become brittle, and the branches could not mature well, which affected the fruit quality and yield.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Removal of pathogens During the winter and summer pruning, pay attention to collecting diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, and concentrated deep burial.
2. Strengthen the growth and management of fertilizer and water in the rainy season. Pay attention to drainage and flood control. Spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and root compound fertilizer to enhance the tree potential and improve disease resistance. It is necessary to pick up the heart, tie the vines, remove the secondary shoots, and improve the ventilation and light transmission. Conditions to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
3. Chemical control Spray 3 to 50 stone sulfur mixture before the grape buds expand and not germination, completely eliminate the winter pathogen. After the grape sprouts, it can be sprayed with 0.2~0.30 stone sulfur mixture, or 50% sulfur suspension 300~400 times liquid, or 50% powder rust thiophanate 500 times liquid, or 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times liquid. , or 25% powder rusting 500 times liquid, usually sprayed once every 10 days, even spray 3 times, alternating medication, you can control. In addition, the effect of spraying 0.5% alkali water and 0.1% washing powder is also good.
Six, grape brown spot disease (a) disease brown spot disease is only harmful leaves, according to the size of the lesion and the pathogens are divided into two types of brown spot disease.
1. Large brown spots The lesions are nearly round, with a diameter of 3 to 10 mm. The center has a deep, shallowly spaced brown ring pattern, sometimes with a yellow halo around. When the weather is wet, dark brown mold clusters, ie conidiophores and conidia of the pathogen, are scattered on the surface and back of the lesion. When the disease is serious, several diseases are connected together to form an irregular large lesion with a diameter of more than 20 mm. In the later stage, the diseased tissue is dry and ruptured, leading to early defoliation.
2. Small brown spot disease The lesion is brown and nearly round, with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm, and the size is the same. There can be several to dozens of lesions on a diseased leaf. In the later stage, a dark brown mold is produced on the back of the lesion, which is the conidiophore and conidia of the pathogen.
(2) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Elimination of wintering pathogens After autumn, the leaves should be cleaned and burned in time. When winter shearing, the diseased leaves should be completely cleaned, burned or buried.
2. Strengthen management It is necessary to tie the vines, pick the heart, remove the secondary shoots and the old leaves in time, create ventilation and light transmission conditions, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Add organic fertilizer and spray dipotassium phosphate for 3 to 4 times to improve the disease resistance of the tree.
3. Pharmacy prevention and treatment of early spring buds before expansion, combined with other pests and diseases spray 3 ~ 50 stone sulphur mixture, after the exhibition of leaves began in June, about every 10 days or so spray half a volume (1:0.5:200) Bordeaux mixture, or generation Sen zinc 500 ~ 600 times liquid, or spray 50% carbendazim 800 ~ 1000 times liquid. Alternate application, the effect is good.
Seven, grape blight (a) is mainly to cut the cob, fruit stems and fruit, and sometimes also damage the leaves. At the beginning of the disease, irregular color spots appeared at the base of the small fruit stalk, and there was an inconspicuous dark brown halo at the edge, which gradually expanded and cut the fruit stalk, causing the fruit to lose water and wilting. Later, it gradually shrinks and turns into a purple-black and stiff fruit, and produces sparse black spots on the surface of the diseased fruit, that is, the spores of the pathogen. The dead fruit hangs on the branch for a long time, which is one of the main differences between the disease and anthrax and white rot. When the leaves are susceptible, a small black-brown spot is formed on the leaves, and the middle part becomes grayish white, and the small black spots on the leaves are the conidia and the ascospores of the pathogen.
(2) Elimination of wintering pathogens To clean up the diseased fruit and diseased leaves in time. 1. Strengthen the management of Xuanyuan. Timely tying the vines, picking the heart and removing the secondary shoots to create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of the tree. Drain in time to prevent disease.
2. Chemical control After falling flowers, combined with white rot and anthracnose prevention and treatment. Spray with a small amount of Bordeaux liquid for 3 to 5 times, that is, spray once every 10 days, and focus on spraying the ears, which can be generally controlled.
Eight, grapevine blight is mainly harmful to the vines, and sometimes also to the new shoots and fruits, the prevention and treatment methods are:
(1) Scratching the diseased vines Early detection should promptly scrape off the epidermis of the diseased part, and after exposing the tissue, apply 50% of the bacteria-soluble wet emulsion or stone sulphur mixture residue.
(2) Elimination of pathogens In the growing season or winter shears, the diseased branches should be cut off in time and burned intensively.
(3) Chemical control Spray 3~50 stone sulphur mixture before germination, and combine the prevention and treatment of other diseases in the growth period. From May to June, spray a small amount of 200 times Bordeaux solution to the vine.
Main pests and their control techniques 1. Grape-winged moths are also known as translucent moths. It belongs to the order Lepidoptera. In Shandong. Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are common occurrences, and it is one of the pests produced in the grape producing areas.
(1) The harmed grape-winged moth is mainly harmful to grape vines. The larvae feed on new shoots and old vines, usually from the fierce or petiole base. The victim was gradually inflated, and there was brown worm in the hole. It was the symbol of the insect. After the larva broke into the vine, it was in the direction of the vine. In severe cases, the upper branches of the plant were killed.
(2) Prevention and treatment method First, in the period of adult spawning and newly hatched larvae, the timing is taken, and the medicine is sprayed once every 7 to 10 days, and the effect of spraying 3 times is good. The following kinds of liquid medicines can be selected: 50% dichlorvos 1500 times liquid, or 40% omethoate 1000-1200 times liquid, or enemy kill 3000 times liquid, or 20% fast-killing 3000 times liquid, or 50% killingæšæ¾ä¹³æ²¹ 1000 times solution, or 50% sulfite emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution.
Secondly, the winter and summer seasons are frequently checked, and it is found that the vines should be cut off or burned in time. If the big vine is smashed, you can use the cotton wool 蘸 50% dichlorvos 200 times liquid or the enemy to kill 1000 times liquid into the pupil to kill the larva.
Second, the grape root nodules è‘¡è„ grape root nodules belong to the order of the Homoptera, the genus. It occurs in local vineyards in Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Taiwan, and has not been found in other areas. Once the vineyard has been seriously damaged, it has been listed as the main quarantine object at home and abroad.
(1) Harmful Grape root nodules are harmful to the American varieties, which can damage the roots and damage the leaves. For Eurasian varieties and European and American hybrids, the roots are mainly damaged. The roots are damaged, the roots of the roots are swollen, and the size of the millet grains and the rhomboid-like knobs are added, and large tumor-like protrusions are formed on the main body. The leaves are damaged and many granular worms form on the back of the leaves. Therefore, the grape root nodules are divided into nodule type and leaf type. In the rainy season, the root nodules often rot, causing the cortex to split and fall off, and the vascular bundles are destroyed, thus affecting the absorption and transportation of nutrients and water by the roots. At the same time, the affected root is susceptible to infection by pathogens, causing the roots to rot, causing the tree to weaken, the leaves become smaller and yellower, and even the leaves affect the yield. In severe cases, the whole plant dies.
(2) Prevention and control methods 1. Strengthen quarantine The only way to spread grape root nodules is seedlings. In quarantine; seedlings should pay special attention to the presence of cockroaches, nymphs and adults in the soil of the roots. The method comprises the following steps: soaking the seedlings and branches with 50% phoxim 1500 times solution or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000-1500 times solution, or 40% dimethoate emulsifiable solution 1000 times solution for 1 to 2 minutes, and removing the dried stem. Destroyed on the spot.
2. Soil treatment For vineyards or nurseries with root nodules, carbon disulfide can be used. Methods: Around the stem of the grape, 25 cm from the stem, 8-9 holes per 1 m2, 10-15 cm deep, 6-8 g of liquid per hole in spring, 4-6 g per hole in summer, the effect is better. However, it cannot be used during the flowering and harvesting period to avoid the production of phytotoxicity. It can also be mixed with 50kg of phoxim 500g into 50kg of fine soil, 25kg of medicinal soil per acre, and applied at 3-4 pm, and then turned into the soil.
(3) Selection of rootstocks resistant to root nodules China has introduced rootstocks that are more resistant to rhizomes than Harmony, Freedom, and Jinjin No. 1 and 5A, and can be used.
Third, the grape short-sucking è‘¡è„ grape short-stalked 螨 also known as grape red spider. Belonging to the eye, the fine mustard. This worm is one of the important pests in China's grape producing areas. Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places are more common. In recent years, other regions have increased their tendency to listen.
(1) Harmful larvae, nymphs, adults, new shoots, petioles, leaves, fruit stems, spikes and fruits. When the base of the new shoot is damaged, the epidermis produces brown granules. The petiole is the same as the new shoot. The leaves are damaged, and there are brown rust spots on both sides of the veins. In severe cases, the leaves are chlorotic and yellow, and the dead coke falls off. After the fruit stem and the ear stem are damaged, they turn from brown to black, which is brittle and easy to fall. The fruit is light brown rust in the early stage of the damage, and the fruit surface is rough and hard, sometimes splitting from the fruit pedicle. At the end of the damage, the color and sugar content of the mature fruit decreased, which greatly affected the yield and quality of the grapes.
(B) prevention and treatment methods First, before the cold, peel off the old bark burned, eliminate the winter female adult. Second, when the spring buds sprout in spring, spray 30 stone sulphur mixture + 0.3% washing powder; between 7 and 8 months, the density of insect worms is large, and it should be sprayed with 40% dicofol 800-1000 times to eliminate active worms.
Fourth, grape vines are also known as grape rust tick or felt disease. Belonging to the eye, the branch. This insect is widely distributed, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places.
(1) Trait The vines are mainly harmful to the leaves, initially producing pale irregular spots on the back of the leaves, varying in size. Then the surface of the blade is bulged, the back of the leaf is sunken, and white fluff felt is present, so it is called felt disease. Later, it gradually turns yellowish brown to brownish brown, and the leaves are wrinkled and uneven. In severe cases, it can also damage young shoots and young fruit. Fluff is also produced on it.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Removal of pathogens During the growing season, the diseased leaves should be removed in time and concentrated or buried.
2. Chemical control Before spraying in early spring, spray 50 stone sulfur mixture, or spray 0.5~1.50 stone sulfur mixture when sprouting, the control effect is good. After germination, the drug is better than the drug before germination.
3. Sterilization of seedlings Seedlings and cuttings are immersed in warm water at 40 °C for 5-7 minutes, then transferred to 50 °C warm water for 5-7 minutes to kill the mites in the scales.
V. Grape powder meal Grape powder meal is also known as Kang's whitefly. Belongs to the Homoptera, Polygonaceae. There are various grape producing areas in China, and some areas such as Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, and Sichuan are heavier. In addition to harming grapes, it can be harmful to peaches, figs, etc.
(1) Defective Adults and larvae suck the sap in the leaf back, the fruity face, the earlets, the ear stems, etc., so that the growth and development of the fruit are affected. The fruit or the ear stem is damaged, the surface is brownish black and greasy, and it is not easy to be washed by the rain. When severe, the entire ear is filled with white cotton wool. The appearance of the victim is poor, the sugar content is reduced, and even the value of the commodity is lost.
(II) Prevention and treatment methods First, rationally pruning to prevent the branches and leaves from being too dense, so as to avoid creating a suitable environment for the whitefly. Second, when pruning in the autumn, clear the litter and peel off the old skin, brush out the winter egg mass and concentrate on burning. Third, in the hatching period of each generation of larvae, spray 50% trisulfide EC 2000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution, or 50% killing birch oil 800 ~ 1000 times solution. Ear damage can be soaked with 300% to 400 times solution of 25% imipenem emulsifiable concentrate to kill larvae in the ear.
Six, ten-star ladybug leafhopper Ten-star ladybug leaf is also known as ten-star leafhopper or golden flower. Belongs to Coleoptera, Eucalyptus. This insect is commonly found in Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces.
(1) Victims Ten-pointed ladybirds eat insects and larvae to eat plant shoots and leaves. The leaves are often bitten into holes, and the flesh is eaten all the time when it is severe, leaving only the veins.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods First, clean up the garden, burn the fallen dead leaves and burn them, and peel off the old skin. Second, protect the natural enemies. In the flood season, the natural enemy parasitic wasps, parasitic flies, less spray all the drugs, protect the natural enemies. Artificial killing is carried out by using the larval pseudo-death and the squid fall habit. Thirdly, spraying 90% trichlorfon and 40% of dimethoate emulsion 800-1000 times liquid, the control effect is better. Seven, grape hummers Grape hummers are also known as smoke horses. It belongs to the order of the genus Hymenoptera. This worm has been widely distributed in China's grape producing areas, and the damage to grapes has been increasing in recent years. According to a report by Shenyang Agricultural University in 1989, the rate of the victim strain was as high as 100%, the rate of the injured ear was 69.8%, the rate of the affected ear was 48.2%, and the rate of serious crop damage was as high as 100%. The rate of the injured ear is more than 75%, resulting in a significant reduction in the yield and quality of the grapes. Hummer not only harms the grapes, but also harms apples, plums, plums, citrus and other fruit trees. The thrips are an emerging grape pest.
(1) Victims Grape thrips are mainly nymphs and adults that suck the juices of young, young and new epidermal cells with sucking mouthparts. When the young fruit was damaged, it did not change color at the time. On the next day, the affected part lost water and shrinks, forming small black spots, affecting the appearance of the fruit, reducing the value of the commodity, causing severe cracking. The damage of the leaves is destroyed by the purity of the green leaves. The yellow spots of greening appear first, the rear leaves become smaller, the curls are deformed, dry and sometimes perforated. The growth of the damaged new shoots is inhibited.
(II) Prevention and treatment methods First, clean up the weeds in the vineyard and burn the dead branches and leaves. Second, spray 40% omethoate 1000-1500 times liquid, or 50% malathion emulsion, 40% nicotine sulfate, 2.5% fish vine essence 800 times liquid before 1-2 days before flowering. Better results. Third, the garden grape can be sprayed with low-toxic and high-efficiency insecticide chlorpyrifos or deltamethrin (enemy kill) 2000 ~ 2500 times liquid, about 5 days after spraying, if it is still found that the insects are heavier, immediately The second spray.
I. Plant Quarantine The best way to prevent pests and diseases is to prevent dangerous pathogens and pests from entering new areas that have never occurred. Phytosanitary is the main technical measure to prevent the spread of diseases and insects.
On-site or production quarantine of seeds, seedlings, scions, seedlings and agricultural products transported between import and export and domestic areas, materials with pathogens and pests are found to be treated before reaching the new area or before entering the new area. If observations are set up and isolation observations are carried out, it is strictly forbidden to transport seeds, seedlings, scions, seedlings and agricultural products that have been infected or carry pathogens and pests from the affected areas. The quarantine object should be found to be extinguished in time. Through quarantine, effective prevention or restriction of the spread and spread of dangerous pests plays an active role in preventing the invasion of plant pests and diseases that have not occurred in various places. For example, grape root nodules, American white moths and grape cancer diseases are the main quarantine objects in China. So far, the control effects on these dangerous pests and diseases have been good, and no large-area damage has been caused.
Second, agricultural measures
(1) Keeping the orchard clean Do a good job of cleaning the orchard is a fundamental measure to eliminate grape pests and diseases. It is required to concentrate on the annual spring and autumn seasons, and cut the dead branches and leaves of the winter shears, peel off the old skins, clean them, concentrate them to burn or bury them deeply, and reduce the harm of the leap year. When pests and diseases are found in the long season, the diseased branches, ears, fruit and leaves should be cut off in time and destroyed immediately to prevent further spread.
(II) Improving the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the frame. The foliage of the grape frame is too dense, the ear is too much, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and it is prone to pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to timely affix the vines and remove the secondary tips to create a good ventilation and light transmission conditions. Ears close to the ground can be suspended with a rope to prevent pests and diseases.
(III) Strengthening water and fertilizer management Fertilization and irrigation must be determined according to the growth and development needs of the fruit trees and the fertility of the soil. Application of organic fertilizer or inorganic compound fertilizer can enhance excessive fruit tree fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, soil water accumulation or drought, and can promote the occurrence of pests and diseases; orchards with low terrain should pay attention to drainage and flood control, promote the normal growth of plant roots, and help to enhance The tree is resistant to stress.
(4) Deep-turning and weeding Combined with the deep-turning of the base fertilizer, the pests and germs on the surface of the soil can be buried in the fertilization ditch to reduce the source of pests and diseases. The worms, worms and larvae in the soil near the roots of the grape plants should be dug out and concentrated. The fallen leaves and weeds in the orchard are the places where diseases and pests overwinter and reproduce, so as to reduce pests and diseases.
3. Breeding pest-resistant varieties The application of resistant varieties in production is the most economical and effective method for controlling pests and diseases, and it has already attracted people's attention. The varieties with strong resistance to pests and diseases or interspecific hybridization have obvious effects. In recent years, Kangtai, a grape variety cultivated on the production, has been selected from the natural bud change of Kangbair. It is not only resistant to cold, but also resistant to downy mildew and powdery mildew. There are also the Kyoho group varieties of European and American hybrids introduced from Japan, which are also resistant to black acne and anthracnose, and are very popular among growers. It has also been reported that grape rootstocks resistant to nodule and anti-nematodes have been introduced from abroad, such as harmony and freedom, and the grape seedlings cultivated by asexual grafting can achieve the purpose of controlling pests and diseases of grape roots.
Biological control Biological control is an important part of comprehensive prevention and control. It mainly includes pest control, bacteria treatment and other aspects. It is characterized by the safety of fruit trees and humans and animals, does not pollute the environment, does not harm natural enemies and beneficial organisms, and has long-term control effects. At present, the application of agricultural anti-402 bio-pesticides in grape production is applied at the cancerous tumor after resection, which has better control effect. Nongkang 120 is a new type of antibiotic studied by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in recent years. Among them, 120A and 120BF can be used as an ideal biological agent for the prevention and treatment of grape powdery mildew, and also have a good effect on grape black pox disease. In addition, there are many natural enemy insects in nature, protecting and using natural enemies, and controlling pests in orchards is a biological prevention work that cannot be ignored.
V. Physical control The method of killing or repelling harmful organisms by using the specific response and tolerance of fruit pathogens and pests to temperature and spectral sound. For example, the virus-free grape seedlings cultivated on the production often use a potential treatment method to remove the virus. It has been reported that the seedlings can be removed from the stem pox after being treated at 30 ° C for more than one month. According to the characteristics of phototaxis of some pests, black light lamps are installed in the orchard to trap pests. The application is more common and the control effect is better, but the number of natural enemies is minimized. It can also be captured and killed, and the method is simple and economical.
6. Chemical Control The application of chemical pesticides to control the occurrence of pests and diseases is a necessary means for the prevention and control of fruit trees and pests. An important part of comprehensive prevention and control. Although chemical pesticides have problems such as polluting the environment, killing natural enemies and residual poisons, they have the advantage that other control methods cannot be replaced. Such as quick results, good results, broad spectrum, easy to use, suitable for large-area mechanical operations.
The second section of major diseases and their prevention and treatment techniques
First, grape black pox disease
(I) Symptoms The disease can infect the leaves, fruits, new shoots, petioles, fruit stems, cobs, tendrils and inflorescences of grapes, especially in younger parts. At the beginning of the leaf, there are small spots of reddish brown to dark brown in the shape of the needle eye. There is a halo around the pale color, which gradually enlarges to form a nearly circular or irregular shape with a diameter of 1 to 4 mm. The center is grayish white. Sag, dark brown or purple brown at the edges. In the late stage, the mesophyll was ruptured and the leaves were perforated. The veins are damaged by polygonal lesions, causing the leaves to shrink and deform, which seriously affects photosynthesis. The fruit surface has a nearly round light brown spot, and the lesion is purple-brown around the center. The center is grayish white and slightly concave. It is very similar to the bird's eye, so it is called bird eye disease. There are tiny black spots on the lesions, which are conidia discs. The affected fruit grows slowly, green, and the hard acid sometimes cracks and loses its edible value. The new shoots, petioles, cobs, and inflorescences produce lesions with a dark brown ellipsoidal depression. The area of ​​the lesion gradually turns grayish black and the edges are purple-black or dark brown.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of wintering pathogens After the fall leaves, combined with winter shears to completely remove the dead skin on the diseased vines, diseased leaves, diseased fruits and main vines, concentrated deep or burned.
2. Chemical control Beijing sprays 50 stone sulphur mixture before the grape is buried in the cold; when the disease is serious, when the grape bud scale enlarges in early spring, spray 2~30 stone sulphur mixture plus 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol it is good. Or single spray 3 ~ 50 stone sulphur mixture, or sodium pentachlorophenol 200 ~ 300 times liquid plus 10 stone sulphur mixture; or 25% of other rot (double bismuth salt) 200 ~ 400 times liquid, eliminate winter pathogens, and cure rust wallè™±, scale insects, etc.
3. When the grape shoots grow to 3 to 5 leaves, spray the Bordeaux mixture (1:0.5-0.7:200-240) once every 10 days, or 50% carbendazim WP 800 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 to 1000 times liquid, or 65% dasen zinc wettable powder 500 to 600 times liquid. The above agents should be used interchangeably to prevent drug resistance.
Second, grape white rot
(1) Symptoms The disease is mainly caused by the ear, and sometimes the new shoots and leaves are also invaded. Generally, the ear close to the ground has its ear shaft and fruit stem first, and the water-stained lesions appear in the initial part of the victim site, gradually expanding, surrounding the cob, making the fruit soft and rot, and the disease particles are easy to fall off during vibration. An off-white small grain spot, a conidia, is produced on the surface of the rotten fruit. The surface of the fruit that has been softened during the wet season is broken and overflows with pale yellow mucus.
The conidial spores of the water-stained brown irregular pathogens at the beginning of the disease, the branches of the branches are dry and dry, the epidermis is separated from the xylem, and the cortex of the diseased part is fissure-like. Sometimes the callus is formed on the upper part of the diseased part, which becomes tumor-like, causing the upper part of the diseased branch to turn yellow or reddish brown until it is dry and dead. Most of the leaves are on the tip of the leaf or on the edge of the leaf. The early stage of the lesion is a water-stained light brown near-circular or irregular large lesion, which produces a gray-white small grain spot, which is a pathogen conidia.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Removal of pathogens During the onset of the disease and the removal of diseased ears, diseased grains and diseased leaves on the trees and above the ground, the deep burial will not only reduce the re-infection and reduce the number of overwintering bacteria. After the autumn leaves, completely remove the diseased tissues such as diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits in the garden to reduce the pathogens of wintering.
2. Strengthen the cultivation and management, rationally pruning, timely tying the vines, picking the heart, removing the secondary shoots and thinning leaves, creating a ventilated and light-transparent environment to reduce the incidence, and adding organic fertilizer, foliar topdressing, making the tree strong and improving disease resistance. force. In addition, the fruit near the ground. Sleeve bagging can also reduce the infection of bacteria.
3. Chemical control
(1) eradicating wintering pathogens: spray 3~50 stone sulphur mixture on the tree and ground before spraying in the early spring, or spray 50% Fumei arsenic wettable powder 200 times liquid, or spray 5% gram dandan wettable powder 200 times The liquid has a good effect on eradicating the overwintering bacteria, and can treat anthracnose, powdery mildew downy mildew, brown spot disease and the like.
(2) Spray protection: after the leaf is combined with the treatment of black pox, spray 50% Fumei double wettable powder 500-700 times liquid, or 50% antibacterial WP 800 times liquid, or 75% chlorothalonil The wettable powder is 600 to 800 times liquid. Due to the strong anti-copper force of white rot fungus, the effect of spraying Bordeaux mixture is not good.
Third, grape anthracnose
(1) Symptoms The disease is mainly harmful to the fruit, and the cob and the fruit stem can also be harmed. Grapes are the most severely affected when the berries are close to maturity in the late stage of coloration, so they are called late rot. Generally, the tip of the ear near the ground first occurs. In the initial stage, water-stained brown spots appear on the fruit surface, gradually expanding, showing a round dark brown lesion, slightly concave. After 2 to 3 days, small black spots are generated and arranged. It is concentric, which is the conidial disk of the pathogen. In the rainy and humid weather, pink or orange-red splits (conidia and conidia) flow out of the plate. In severe cases, the lesion spreads to the entire fruit surface, and the fruit becomes soft and rot, gradually losing water and shrinking, and becomes a dead fruit. When the fruit stems and cobs are damaged, elliptic plaques are formed, which affects fruit ripening. The leaves are densely rounded with small brown spots. When they are severe, they are even one by one. The leaves turn yellow and fall off.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of wintering pathogens Combine winter pruning to remove the secondary shoots, cobs, tendrils, and stiff fruits that remain on the plants and scaffolds, and completely remove the dead leaves and fallen leaves from the ground.
2. Kill the sterilized filament mycelium mainly over the winter on the 1-year-old branch, spray 500 times before the germination, or 100-200 times the arsenic, or spray 30 stone sulphur mixture plus 0.5% sodium pentachlorophenol 200 A strong bactericide such as a mixture of liquids to eliminate wintering pathogens.
3. Chemical control When the conidia appear in the middle to late June to the beginning of July, spray 800 to 1000 times of detoxifying WP, or 500 to 800 times, or half amount every 10 days or so. Bordeaux mixture 200 times solution, have received good results. But should be used alternately to improve the efficacy
Fourth, grape downy mildew
(I) Symptoms Grape downy mildew is mainly harmful to leaves, but also harmful to new shoots, flower buds and young parts of young fruit. Irregular light yellow translucent oil-immersed small spots appear on the front of the leaves, gradually expanding in green, and the edge boundaries are not obvious. Most of the small spots are connected into an irregular or polygonal large lesion, and yellowish white is produced on the back of the leaves. The frosty mildew layer turns into a light brown color in the later stage of the disease, which is dried and cracked and curled. When severe, the leaves fall off. The young shoots also showed oily (or water) immersion lesions with yellow-white mildew on the surface, but less than the leaves. The lesion spreads longitudinally faster, the color gradually becomes brown, and it is slightly sunken. In severe cases, the new shoot stops growing and twists and dies. In the early stage of the disease, the diseased part became pale green, and the late stage spots became dark brown and subsided, producing a layer of creamy white mold, and the fruit became hard and atrophied. When the fruit is half-sized, it is damaged. The diseased part becomes brown, and the soft and rot are easy to fall off, but there is no mold layer, and there is not a small amount of diseased fruit shrinking on the tree. Generally, the fruit does not develop from the coloring to the maturity.
(two) prevention and treatment methods
1. Elimination of pathogens During the growing season and autumn pruning, the diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, and concentrated burns should be completely removed.
2. Strengthen management During the growth period, the excess auxiliary shoots and leaves are cut off in time to create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to drainage during the rainy season, reduce humidity, and pay attention to reducing the chance that the soil will be sprinkled on the leaves by the rain spores. In addition, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and the application of more lime in acidic soils can improve the disease resistance of the disease-resistant trees of the trees.
(3) Chemical control A small amount of Bordeaux mixture is sprayed once every 10 days before the onset of the disease for protection. Immediately after the onset, spray 50% captan 5,000 times solution, or 65% sensitized zinc 500 times solution, or 40% ethyl phosphate aluminum 200 times solution, or 25% metalaxyl 800 to 1000 times solution, or 58% toxic Mn-Zn wettable powder 600 times solution. In addition, 25% of the creamy wettable powder 20,000 times liquid is better wetted with the zinc, the mancozeb, and the thiram 1000 times, and can simultaneously treat other diseases occurring in the same period.
V. Grape powdery mildew (1) Pathogens The pathogen mainly invades the green parts of the leaves, new shoots and ears of the grapes. Old mature organs do not develop. The leaves begin to produce an off-white powder on the surface, the mycelium and conidia of the pathogen. When the disease is severe, the whole leaves are covered with white powder, which causes the multiple curls to wither and fall off. Sometimes a small black spot is produced, which is the closed capsule of the spore. The surface of the leaf under the pink spot is brown spotted, and in severe cases, the whole leaf is scorched. After the fruit is damaged, the fruit surface is covered with white powder. After the powder is removed from the lesion, a brown star-shaped pattern appears, and the epidermal cells die. The fruit stops growing, sometimes becomes deformed and tastes sour. When the fruit grows up, it is sick when it is rainy, and the disease is cracked and rotted. The surface of the fruit stalk and the new shoot showed grayish white powder spots. The snow spots or irregular brown spots formed under the powder spots at the later stage, which made the cobs and fruit stalks become brittle, and the branches could not mature well, which affected the fruit quality and yield.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Removal of pathogens During the winter and summer pruning, pay attention to collecting diseased branches, diseased leaves, diseased fruits, and concentrated deep burial.
2. Strengthen the growth and management of fertilizer and water in the rainy season. Pay attention to drainage and flood control. Spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate and root compound fertilizer to enhance the tree potential and improve disease resistance. It is necessary to pick up the heart, tie the vines, remove the secondary shoots, and improve the ventilation and light transmission. Conditions to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
3. Chemical control Spray 3 to 50 stone sulfur mixture before the grape buds expand and not germination, completely eliminate the winter pathogen. After the grape sprouts, it can be sprayed with 0.2~0.30 stone sulfur mixture, or 50% sulfur suspension 300~400 times liquid, or 50% powder rust thiophanate 500 times liquid, or 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times liquid. , or 25% powder rusting 500 times liquid, usually sprayed once every 10 days, even spray 3 times, alternating medication, you can control. In addition, the effect of spraying 0.5% alkali water and 0.1% washing powder is also good.
Six, grape brown spot disease (a) disease brown spot disease is only harmful leaves, according to the size of the lesion and the pathogens are divided into two types of brown spot disease.
1. Large brown spots The lesions are nearly round, with a diameter of 3 to 10 mm. The center has a deep, shallowly spaced brown ring pattern, sometimes with a yellow halo around. When the weather is wet, dark brown mold clusters, ie conidiophores and conidia of the pathogen, are scattered on the surface and back of the lesion. When the disease is serious, several diseases are connected together to form an irregular large lesion with a diameter of more than 20 mm. In the later stage, the diseased tissue is dry and ruptured, leading to early defoliation.
2. Small brown spot disease The lesion is brown and nearly round, with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm, and the size is the same. There can be several to dozens of lesions on a diseased leaf. In the later stage, a dark brown mold is produced on the back of the lesion, which is the conidiophore and conidia of the pathogen.
(2) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Elimination of wintering pathogens After autumn, the leaves should be cleaned and burned in time. When winter shearing, the diseased leaves should be completely cleaned, burned or buried.
2. Strengthen management It is necessary to tie the vines, pick the heart, remove the secondary shoots and the old leaves in time, create ventilation and light transmission conditions, and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Add organic fertilizer and spray dipotassium phosphate for 3 to 4 times to improve the disease resistance of the tree.
3. Pharmacy prevention and treatment of early spring buds before expansion, combined with other pests and diseases spray 3 ~ 50 stone sulphur mixture, after the exhibition of leaves began in June, about every 10 days or so spray half a volume (1:0.5:200) Bordeaux mixture, or generation Sen zinc 500 ~ 600 times liquid, or spray 50% carbendazim 800 ~ 1000 times liquid. Alternate application, the effect is good.
Seven, grape blight (a) is mainly to cut the cob, fruit stems and fruit, and sometimes also damage the leaves. At the beginning of the disease, irregular color spots appeared at the base of the small fruit stalk, and there was an inconspicuous dark brown halo at the edge, which gradually expanded and cut the fruit stalk, causing the fruit to lose water and wilting. Later, it gradually shrinks and turns into a purple-black and stiff fruit, and produces sparse black spots on the surface of the diseased fruit, that is, the spores of the pathogen. The dead fruit hangs on the branch for a long time, which is one of the main differences between the disease and anthrax and white rot. When the leaves are susceptible, a small black-brown spot is formed on the leaves, and the middle part becomes grayish white, and the small black spots on the leaves are the conidia and the ascospores of the pathogen.
(2) Elimination of wintering pathogens To clean up the diseased fruit and diseased leaves in time. 1. Strengthen the management of Xuanyuan. Timely tying the vines, picking the heart and removing the secondary shoots to create ventilation and light transmission conditions. Pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of the tree. Drain in time to prevent disease.
2. Chemical control After falling flowers, combined with white rot and anthracnose prevention and treatment. Spray with a small amount of Bordeaux liquid for 3 to 5 times, that is, spray once every 10 days, and focus on spraying the ears, which can be generally controlled.
Eight, grapevine blight is mainly harmful to the vines, and sometimes also to the new shoots and fruits, the prevention and treatment methods are:
(1) Scratching the diseased vines Early detection should promptly scrape off the epidermis of the diseased part, and after exposing the tissue, apply 50% of the bacteria-soluble wet emulsion or stone sulphur mixture residue.
(2) Elimination of pathogens In the growing season or winter shears, the diseased branches should be cut off in time and burned intensively.
(3) Chemical control Spray 3~50 stone sulphur mixture before germination, and combine the prevention and treatment of other diseases in the growth period. From May to June, spray a small amount of 200 times Bordeaux solution to the vine.
Main pests and their control techniques 1. Grape-winged moths are also known as translucent moths. It belongs to the order Lepidoptera. In Shandong. Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are common occurrences, and it is one of the pests produced in the grape producing areas.
(1) The harmed grape-winged moth is mainly harmful to grape vines. The larvae feed on new shoots and old vines, usually from the fierce or petiole base. The victim was gradually inflated, and there was brown worm in the hole. It was the symbol of the insect. After the larva broke into the vine, it was in the direction of the vine. In severe cases, the upper branches of the plant were killed.
(2) Prevention and treatment method First, in the period of adult spawning and newly hatched larvae, the timing is taken, and the medicine is sprayed once every 7 to 10 days, and the effect of spraying 3 times is good. The following kinds of liquid medicines can be selected: 50% dichlorvos 1500 times liquid, or 40% omethoate 1000-1200 times liquid, or enemy kill 3000 times liquid, or 20% fast-killing 3000 times liquid, or 50% killingæšæ¾ä¹³æ²¹ 1000 times solution, or 50% sulfite emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution.
Secondly, the winter and summer seasons are frequently checked, and it is found that the vines should be cut off or burned in time. If the big vine is smashed, you can use the cotton wool 蘸 50% dichlorvos 200 times liquid or the enemy to kill 1000 times liquid into the pupil to kill the larva.
Second, the grape root nodules è‘¡è„ grape root nodules belong to the order of the Homoptera, the genus. It occurs in local vineyards in Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Taiwan, and has not been found in other areas. Once the vineyard has been seriously damaged, it has been listed as the main quarantine object at home and abroad.
(1) Harmful Grape root nodules are harmful to the American varieties, which can damage the roots and damage the leaves. For Eurasian varieties and European and American hybrids, the roots are mainly damaged. The roots are damaged, the roots of the roots are swollen, and the size of the millet grains and the rhomboid-like knobs are added, and large tumor-like protrusions are formed on the main body. The leaves are damaged and many granular worms form on the back of the leaves. Therefore, the grape root nodules are divided into nodule type and leaf type. In the rainy season, the root nodules often rot, causing the cortex to split and fall off, and the vascular bundles are destroyed, thus affecting the absorption and transportation of nutrients and water by the roots. At the same time, the affected root is susceptible to infection by pathogens, causing the roots to rot, causing the tree to weaken, the leaves become smaller and yellower, and even the leaves affect the yield. In severe cases, the whole plant dies.
(2) Prevention and control methods 1. Strengthen quarantine The only way to spread grape root nodules is seedlings. In quarantine; seedlings should pay special attention to the presence of cockroaches, nymphs and adults in the soil of the roots. The method comprises the following steps: soaking the seedlings and branches with 50% phoxim 1500 times solution or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000-1500 times solution, or 40% dimethoate emulsifiable solution 1000 times solution for 1 to 2 minutes, and removing the dried stem. Destroyed on the spot.
2. Soil treatment For vineyards or nurseries with root nodules, carbon disulfide can be used. Methods: Around the stem of the grape, 25 cm from the stem, 8-9 holes per 1 m2, 10-15 cm deep, 6-8 g of liquid per hole in spring, 4-6 g per hole in summer, the effect is better. However, it cannot be used during the flowering and harvesting period to avoid the production of phytotoxicity. It can also be mixed with 50kg of phoxim 500g into 50kg of fine soil, 25kg of medicinal soil per acre, and applied at 3-4 pm, and then turned into the soil.
(3) Selection of rootstocks resistant to root nodules China has introduced rootstocks that are more resistant to rhizomes than Harmony, Freedom, and Jinjin No. 1 and 5A, and can be used.
Third, the grape short-sucking è‘¡è„ grape short-stalked 螨 also known as grape red spider. Belonging to the eye, the fine mustard. This worm is one of the important pests in China's grape producing areas. Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places are more common. In recent years, other regions have increased their tendency to listen.
(1) Harmful larvae, nymphs, adults, new shoots, petioles, leaves, fruit stems, spikes and fruits. When the base of the new shoot is damaged, the epidermis produces brown granules. The petiole is the same as the new shoot. The leaves are damaged, and there are brown rust spots on both sides of the veins. In severe cases, the leaves are chlorotic and yellow, and the dead coke falls off. After the fruit stem and the ear stem are damaged, they turn from brown to black, which is brittle and easy to fall. The fruit is light brown rust in the early stage of the damage, and the fruit surface is rough and hard, sometimes splitting from the fruit pedicle. At the end of the damage, the color and sugar content of the mature fruit decreased, which greatly affected the yield and quality of the grapes.
(B) prevention and treatment methods First, before the cold, peel off the old bark burned, eliminate the winter female adult. Second, when the spring buds sprout in spring, spray 30 stone sulphur mixture + 0.3% washing powder; between 7 and 8 months, the density of insect worms is large, and it should be sprayed with 40% dicofol 800-1000 times to eliminate active worms.
Fourth, grape vines are also known as grape rust tick or felt disease. Belonging to the eye, the branch. This insect is widely distributed, mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other places.
(1) Trait The vines are mainly harmful to the leaves, initially producing pale irregular spots on the back of the leaves, varying in size. Then the surface of the blade is bulged, the back of the leaf is sunken, and white fluff felt is present, so it is called felt disease. Later, it gradually turns yellowish brown to brownish brown, and the leaves are wrinkled and uneven. In severe cases, it can also damage young shoots and young fruit. Fluff is also produced on it.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods 1. Removal of pathogens During the growing season, the diseased leaves should be removed in time and concentrated or buried.
2. Chemical control Before spraying in early spring, spray 50 stone sulfur mixture, or spray 0.5~1.50 stone sulfur mixture when sprouting, the control effect is good. After germination, the drug is better than the drug before germination.
3. Sterilization of seedlings Seedlings and cuttings are immersed in warm water at 40 °C for 5-7 minutes, then transferred to 50 °C warm water for 5-7 minutes to kill the mites in the scales.
V. Grape powder meal Grape powder meal is also known as Kang's whitefly. Belongs to the Homoptera, Polygonaceae. There are various grape producing areas in China, and some areas such as Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangsu, and Sichuan are heavier. In addition to harming grapes, it can be harmful to peaches, figs, etc.
(1) Defective Adults and larvae suck the sap in the leaf back, the fruity face, the earlets, the ear stems, etc., so that the growth and development of the fruit are affected. The fruit or the ear stem is damaged, the surface is brownish black and greasy, and it is not easy to be washed by the rain. When severe, the entire ear is filled with white cotton wool. The appearance of the victim is poor, the sugar content is reduced, and even the value of the commodity is lost.
(II) Prevention and treatment methods First, rationally pruning to prevent the branches and leaves from being too dense, so as to avoid creating a suitable environment for the whitefly. Second, when pruning in the autumn, clear the litter and peel off the old skin, brush out the winter egg mass and concentrate on burning. Third, in the hatching period of each generation of larvae, spray 50% trisulfide EC 2000 times solution or 80% dichlorvos EC 1000 times solution, or 50% killing birch oil 800 ~ 1000 times solution. Ear damage can be soaked with 300% to 400 times solution of 25% imipenem emulsifiable concentrate to kill larvae in the ear.
Six, ten-star ladybug leafhopper Ten-star ladybug leaf is also known as ten-star leafhopper or golden flower. Belongs to Coleoptera, Eucalyptus. This insect is commonly found in Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces.
(1) Victims Ten-pointed ladybirds eat insects and larvae to eat plant shoots and leaves. The leaves are often bitten into holes, and the flesh is eaten all the time when it is severe, leaving only the veins.
(B) Prevention and treatment methods First, clean up the garden, burn the fallen dead leaves and burn them, and peel off the old skin. Second, protect the natural enemies. In the flood season, the natural enemy parasitic wasps, parasitic flies, less spray all the drugs, protect the natural enemies. Artificial killing is carried out by using the larval pseudo-death and the squid fall habit. Thirdly, spraying 90% trichlorfon and 40% of dimethoate emulsion 800-1000 times liquid, the control effect is better. Seven, grape hummers Grape hummers are also known as smoke horses. It belongs to the order of the genus Hymenoptera. This worm has been widely distributed in China's grape producing areas, and the damage to grapes has been increasing in recent years. According to a report by Shenyang Agricultural University in 1989, the rate of the victim strain was as high as 100%, the rate of the injured ear was 69.8%, the rate of the affected ear was 48.2%, and the rate of serious crop damage was as high as 100%. The rate of the injured ear is more than 75%, resulting in a significant reduction in the yield and quality of the grapes. Hummer not only harms the grapes, but also harms apples, plums, plums, citrus and other fruit trees. The thrips are an emerging grape pest.
(1) Victims Grape thrips are mainly nymphs and adults that suck the juices of young, young and new epidermal cells with sucking mouthparts. When the young fruit was damaged, it did not change color at the time. On the next day, the affected part lost water and shrinks, forming small black spots, affecting the appearance of the fruit, reducing the value of the commodity, causing severe cracking. The damage of the leaves is destroyed by the purity of the green leaves. The yellow spots of greening appear first, the rear leaves become smaller, the curls are deformed, dry and sometimes perforated. The growth of the damaged new shoots is inhibited.
(II) Prevention and treatment methods First, clean up the weeds in the vineyard and burn the dead branches and leaves. Second, spray 40% omethoate 1000-1500 times liquid, or 50% malathion emulsion, 40% nicotine sulfate, 2.5% fish vine essence 800 times liquid before 1-2 days before flowering. Better results. Third, the garden grape can be sprayed with low-toxic and high-efficiency insecticide chlorpyrifos or deltamethrin (enemy kill) 2000 ~ 2500 times liquid, about 5 days after spraying, if it is still found that the insects are heavier, immediately The second spray.
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