In the context of traditional Chinese architecture, the concept of space treatment differs significantly from that of the European system. It is particularly evident in the design and use of courtyards, which not only provide aesthetic appeal but also embody a unique architectural culture. While some structures may deviate from this norm, the majority of craftsmen still rely on the principles of Feng Shui. This is because the proper integration of architectural elements within a courtyard is a central aspect of the theory of Feng Shui Yang Zhai. For further insight, one can refer to general works on Feng Shui.
In traditional Chinese society, the family holds a central place in people's lives. Social relationships outside the family often resemble those within it, such as familial bonds or clan-like connections. These dynamics influence not only personal interactions but also broader aspects like politics and education. Compared to Western cultures, which emphasize group identity and individual rights and responsibilities within groups, Chinese culture is deeply rooted in the stability and continuity of the family. This foundational structure shapes the overall thinking of "the inner and outer kings," where the family becomes the core of cultural expression. As a result, the family concept extends beyond its immediate members, guiding cultural values and emphasizing the enduring nature of blood ties—aligning with the lasting significance of cultural heritage.
This philosophy is reflected in the built environment, giving rise to the distinctive Chinese courtyard pattern, where the family serves as the basic unit. From simple homes to temples, schools, villages, cities, and even mountain retreats, most structures follow this courtyard model, with variations in scale, materials, and craftsmanship.
The Feng Shui pattern of the Siheyuan (traditional courtyard house) includes several key features:
1. Buildings are typically arranged in three or four rows, with one in the center.
2. The main facades of the buildings face the courtyard, ensuring optimal ventilation, lighting, drainage, and access.
3. Walls, corridors, or surrounding structures connect the buildings, forming a closed courtyard. In many cases, the compound is sealed off from the outside, with the entrance positioned as far south as possible and minimal openings on the northern side.
4. When expansion is needed, courtyards are designed to be interconnected, both vertically and horizontally, allowing for deeper and more complex spatial development.
5. The transportation system is often organized along the eaves, creating a natural walkway through the courtyard. In southern regions, houses may be placed alongside the courtyard, forming an internal circulation network.
6. Within a courtyard complex, there is a clear longitudinal axis and a symmetrical layout in the horizontal direction. Main structures such as halls, ancestral temples, and elder’s residences are aligned along the central axis, while secondary buildings are placed on supporting axes. The front section usually follows the principle of “public in front, private at the back†and “lower in front, higher at the back.â€
7. In terms of spatial expression, the design emphasizes order and harmony, while also incorporating unique architectural details that reflect cultural values.
These characteristics form the core of the Feng Shui Yang Zhai theory. However, the way Feng Shui is expressed is often unique, using symbolic language and metaphysical interpretations to convey deeper meanings.
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