Virtual reality technology is developed on the basis of many related technologies such as computer graphics, simulation technology, multimedia technology, sensor technology, and artificial intelligence.
At present, virtual reality technology has been widely used and is becoming more and more popular. However, how to make better use of virtual reality technology in the research and application of civil aircraft ergonomics and simulate the interaction process of human-machine systems, in order to carry out more reliable analysis, design and evaluation of machine systems, The application of technology application, the development of corresponding standards or specifications to guide the development of virtual reality technology applications.
1 Combination and application of virtual reality technology and ergonomics
Virtual reality technology is a high-level human-computer interaction technology that comprehensively applies various technologies to create a realistic artificial simulation environment and can effectively simulate various sensing behaviors such as visual, auditory and tactile in the natural environment. Ergonomics is a discipline that studies the interaction between people and other components in the system, and uses its theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize the relationship between system efficiency and human health.
The application of virtual reality technology in ergonomics is to solve the ergonomic problems in the design, manufacture and operation of certain products, build a virtual reality system, establish a virtual scene, and use the input and output interfaces for man-machines. Interaction, which simulates certain processes of the product in a virtual environment, and solves problems such as human-machine function evaluation and performance verification. In general, virtual reality systems in ergonomics include human virtualization (ie, virtual people), virtual environment construction, input and output devices, and virtual reality rendering. The combination of virtual reality technology and ergonomics is embodied in the following aspects:
1) In the design stage, virtual reality technology is applied to simulate and evaluate product design and environmental design in ergonomic design. Mainly reflected in the requirements of workspace testing and evaluation, layout design, human-machine interface design, environmental ergonomics evaluation, etc.;
2) In the manufacturing stage, virtual reality technology is applied to simulate and analyze the processing and assembly process of product parts, and the ergonomic problems of the machining process and assembly process are evaluated and improved. For example, through the simulation of the processing process, the human factors of the tooling are evaluated;
3) In the stage of use, maintenance, scrapping, etc., use virtual reality technology to simulate the life cycle stages of the product, such as operation, use, maintenance, and scrapping, to improve the human-machine performance of the product throughout its life cycle. Mainly in kinematics / dynamics analysis, collision analysis, virtual training, virtual maintenance and so on.
2 Status and trends of standardization development of ergonomics and virtual reality technology
2.1 Status and trends of standardization development of ergonomics
The main standardization organizations that are engaged in ergonomics and their standardization work are as follows:
1) International Organization for Standardization
The TC159 standardization technical committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has carried out fruitful work in its field of expertise and has developed a large number of international standards, up to now 78. In recent years, the focus of standards development has focused on WG5 (software ergonomics and human-machine dialogue) and WG6 (human-centered design process in interactive systems) in SC4.
2) EU Standardization Committee
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) established the Technical Committee for Standardization of Ergonomics (TC122) and continuously adjusted its working group (WG) according to the trend of technological development. At the same time, the developed countries of the European Union actively participated in the activities of the International Organization for Standardization Ergonomics Standardization Technical Committee, integrated with international standards, and strived to make ISO/TC159 adopt its standards and work items. In recent years, more energy has been placed on the standard revision of WG5 human-computer interaction.
3) US Department of Defense
The US Department of Defense established the ergonomics technical advisory group (DoD HFE TAG). At present, the US Department of Defense's ergonomics technical advisory group will maintain and improve personnel performance, update personnel performance database and analysis tools, integrate personnel performance into the system model, and incorporate ergonomics into the Ministry of Defense policy and standards. The field of breakthrough.
4) National ergonomics standardization
In 1980, the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Ergonomics was established. TC7 is mainly engaged in the standardization of terminology, methodology and human factor data in the field of ergonomics. It is related to ISO/TC159 to carry out relevant standardization research work, and coordinate with other ISO technical committees. At work, there are currently 50 national standards, and most of them are directly equivalent to the adopted ISO standards.
5) Humanitarian Engineering Standardization of National Defense Science and Technology Industry
In 1984, the first National Military Standardization Technical Committee “Human-Machine-Environment System Engineering Standardization Technical Committee†was established. A large number of advanced and scientific international standards and foreign advanced standards were introduced and transformed, and a number of batches were formulated according to development needs. The standards in line with China's actual needs have played a positive role in promoting the development of national defense science and technology industry and the development of national defense.
With the continuous development of ergonomic theory and technology, the standardization work will achieve even greater results. The development trend of ergonomics standardization is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
1) Gradually establish a scientific, reasonable, sound and complete standard system;
2) Update and integrate the old terms of ergonomics around new technologies;
3) Develop new standards for new application technologies and areas.
2.2 Status and trends of standardization development of virtual reality technology
At present, the International Organization for Standardization has not established a specialized agency to research and develop virtual reality technology standards. The main standards are limited to the modeling language VRML developed by the International Virtual Reality Technology Association. In addition, the standards for multimedia technology and computer technology can be used for reference. Some aspects of virtual reality, such as touch and perception, do not yet have the basis and conditions for developing common standards. The application of domestic virtual reality technology has just begun, and there is no corresponding standardization work yet.
3 Research on General Requirements of Virtual Reality System in Ergonomics Application
The design of the virtual reality system should choose a reasonable design sequence and solution. The multi-channel virtual reality system construction steps include task analysis, determining system type and parameters, selecting hardware configuration, building hardware platform, hardware debugging, soft (hard) geometry correction, Nine aspects of regional integration (brightness, chromaticity correction), other equipment debugging, engineering applications. Virtual reality systems should pay attention to issues such as standard use, safe use, and routine maintenance. The inspection and maintenance of the equipment of the virtual reality system shall be carried out by professionals, and the standards such as GB/T 9414 "Guidelines for Equipment Maintenance" shall be observed during the maintenance process.
4 Research on detailed requirements of virtual reality system in ergonomics application
4.1 Modeling requirements for virtual people
The general virtual human data should use the data in GB/T 13547-92 "Workspace Human Body Size"; the measurement of specific virtual human data should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GB 3957 "Anthropometric Terms" and GB 5703 "Anthropometric Methods". When applying special human body modeling software modeling, the anthropometric data should be strictly used for modeling and the key dimensions should be verified; when using the simulation software to bring the model or extract the modeling information from the image and video, it should be compared The actual information is verified by the key parts; when the human body model data is high, the three-dimensional scan data of the human body should be used; when the human body data is more complicated and complex, the human body data should be scientifically managed by an appropriate database system.
According to the modeling requirements of the virtual human, the skeleton model and the skin model are reasonably considered; the modeling process should be carried out in strict accordance with the H-Anim standard. The human body's behavioral model should use a hierarchical human motion model to establish a fixed coordinate system fixed at the root node of the human body and a motion coordinate system attached to each joint point to describe the human motion. The human kinematic model should strictly adhere to the H-Anim standard. The virtual person's animation storage should comply with the MPEG-4 standard.
4.2 Modeling Requirements for Virtual Scenarios
Object modeling with interactive functions in virtual scenes should be based on graphics-based modeling; interactive objects requiring relatively low object or scene modeling should use image-based modeling or modeling based on graphics and image blending. Means; when focusing on the impact of the working environment on the human body, especially the visual effects, it is also possible to adopt a modeling method based on graphics and image blending; it is not suitable to directly model in the VRML environment; in ergonomic applications, It should be modeled with more reasonable 3D modeling software and then transformed into a virtual environment.
4.3 Drawing requirements for virtual reality systems
For the rendering of different scenes, the time delay of the visual rendering system should be controlled within a tolerable range. The visual rendering time delay threshold is recommended to be 100 ms, and the rendering system should have a frame rate of no less than 10 frames per second. The visual rendering system should select the corresponding graphics standards according to the system configuration and application characteristics. During the use process, attention should be paid to the versatility and comprehensiveness of the graphics standards.
The choice of the auditory drawing method must first consider the requirements of the object to be simulated, and adopt different drawing methods according to different scene requirements. The sound generation device should be consistent with the way the sound is drawn. The way the sound is stored should consider factors such as drawing style, versatility, and ease of editing.
The tactile mapping should meet the requirements of delay and security. The physical contact simulated in the virtual reality experience selects the information to be transmitted to the human body based on the type of contact.
4.4 General Requirements for Virtual Reality Human-Computer Interaction Input and Output Devices
Virtual reality input devices should meet the requirements of ISO 9241-400. Based on the characteristics of the virtual reality system itself, the selection of the input device should fully consider the characteristics of the person; various information should be input and feedback in time to ensure the immersion of the virtual reality system; the input device should be ensured within a certain space and time range. Make accurate inputs; also consider logical attributes such as immunity, portability, compatibility, security, and cost.
The choice of visual display devices should consider three factors: immersion, tracking technology and visual performance attributes. The choice of auditory display device should consider both performance attributes and logical attributes. The choice of tactile display device should take into account both performance attributes and logical attributes.
5 comments and suggestions
Based on the previous analysis and research, it is recommended to work in the following aspects:
(1) As soon as possible, the preparation of the “General Requirements for the Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Human-Machine Engineering†will be carried out. Most companies hope to develop a universally meaningful standard for the practical application of virtual reality technology in ergonomics to guide the practical application of this technology in ergonomics.
(2) Study and compile a series of standards for the application of virtual reality technology in civil aircraft ergonomics. It is recommended to conduct more in-depth research and analysis on several important components of virtual reality technology, and to compile a series of standards around the application of virtual reality technology in civil aircraft ergonomics, including general requirements, virtual human modeling requirements, and virtual Scene modeling requirements, virtual reality system rendering requirements, virtual reality system input and output device requirements and other parts.
(3) According to the specific engineering background of virtual reality technology applied in civil aircraft ergonomics, standardization research work in specific application fields can be carried out from the perspective of engineering application. Such as data storage and exchange interface standards, virtual reality model database specifications and product reachable domain virtual reality simulation requirements.
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Tags: Virtual Reality Technology Ergonomics Geometric Correction Skin Models
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