The introduction of pesticides has significantly contributed to the advancement of agriculture. Among these, herbicides play a crucial role by saving time and effort while effectively controlling weeds. As a result, they have become widely adopted in farming practices. However, improper or excessive use of herbicides can lead to negative effects on crop health, causing phytotoxicity.
One of the main causes of phytotoxicity is herbicide drift, which occurs when chemicals are carried by wind or water to non-target crops. For example, 24-D butyl ester is commonly used in wheat fields, but due to its high volatility, it can easily drift and harm nearby sensitive crops such as cotton, beans, and vegetables. If sprayers are not properly cleaned after using herbicides and other pesticides are added without caution, this can also lead to phytotoxic reactions in crops.
Some herbicides may not show immediate damage on certain crops, but residual chemicals can still pose long-term risks. For instance, simazine is effective for weed control in corn, but if rape is planted afterward, it can delay seed germination and cause damage to the apical bud sheath, negatively affecting yield. Similarly, applying herbicides like wheat straw to wheat might not cause harm, but when used in summer peanuts, it can lead to root swelling, rotting, and plant death.
Incorrect application methods, such as using the wrong herbicide variety, increasing dosage without reason, or applying during sensitive growth stages, can also trigger phytotoxicity. Overuse of herbicides in rice, for example, can lead to weak plant structure, leaf discoloration, and reduced yield. Wheat, especially during the jointing stage, is highly sensitive to certain herbicides, and improper use can result in deformed ears.
To prevent phytotoxicity, it’s essential to select the right herbicide for each crop and growth stage. Different crops require different types of herbicides, and even within the same crop, the choice may vary depending on the season. For example, butachlor is suitable for paddy fields, while acetochlor works better for dry land. Always check the label to ensure the product is appropriate for your target crop and follow the recommended usage method.
When choosing herbicides, prioritize those with good efficacy, low toxicity, and minimal residue. New products should be tested on a small scale first, especially if they haven't been widely used. Farmers should avoid increasing the dosage arbitrarily, as seen in many cases where overuse leads to crop damage. Some sellers may encourage higher concentrations to boost sales, which can be risky. For instance, using more than the recommended amount of acetochlor in cotton fields can cause significant crop loss.
(As a reminder, the rainy season is not only a time of rapid weed growth but also a period when herbicide use is high and phytotoxicity incidents are more common.)
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