1. Vitamins
Adding a specific amount of vitamin C (150–300 mg/kg) to the summer sow diet can help reduce heat stress and improve their overall well-being. Vitamin E, at a concentration of 30–50 mg/kg, plays a crucial role in enhancing immunity and antioxidant activity, which helps prevent mastitis and metritis in sows. A deficiency in vitamin E may lead to lower litter sizes and weaker piglets. Biotin, typically added at 0.2 mg/kg, is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiency can result in skin issues or lameness. High temperatures can reduce the production of biotin by gut bacteria, so it's important to increase its inclusion in feed. Vitamin D (150–200 IU/kg) supports calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. Other vital vitamins such as B-complex, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and choline should also be included in appropriate amounts to ensure optimal health and performance.
2. Mineral Elements
Calcium and phosphorus are key components of bones. The ideal calcium level in the diet should be between 0.8% and 1%, with phosphorus ranging from 0.7% to 0.8%, and available phosphorus around 0.45%. To enhance the absorption of phytic acid-bound phosphorus, phytase can be added. Low levels of these minerals can lead to hind limb paralysis in lactating sows. It's important to use high-quality sources of calcium and phosphorus in feed formulation. Iron is another critical mineral, as sows lose significant amounts during lactation, often leading to iron-deficiency anemia. This not only affects their health but also reduces feed efficiency. The recommended iron level is around 70 mg/kg. Manganese, at 5–10 mg/kg, supports bone development and reproductive health, while too little can cause irregular estrus and reduced milk production. Zinc, required at 60 mg/kg in China, promotes hoof and bone development, improves reproductive performance, and helps reduce mastitis incidence. Selenium and iodine should be included at 0.15 mg/kg and 0.14 mg/kg respectively. Using organic forms of minerals like yeast-based iron, chromium, and selenium can enhance bioavailability and avoid mineral interactions, ensuring better nutrient transfer to the milk and improved sow health.
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