1. Vitamins
Adding a specific amount of vitamin C (150–300 mg/kg) to the summer sow diet can help reduce heat stress and improve their overall comfort. Vitamin E, at 30–50 mg/kg, supports immune function and acts as an antioxidant, helping to prevent mastitis and metritis in sows. A deficiency in vitamin E may lead to lower weaning litter sizes and weaker piglets. Biotin, typically added at 0.2 mg/kg, plays a key role in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Deficiency can result in skin issues or lesions. High temperatures can also reduce the production of biotin by gut bacteria, so additional supplementation is recommended. Vitamin D (150–200 IU/kg) helps regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. Other essential vitamins such as B-complex, folic acid, pantothenic acid, and choline should also be included in appropriate amounts to support overall health and performance of sows.
2. Mineral Elements
Calcium and phosphorus are crucial for bone development and maintenance. The ideal calcium level in the diet should range from 0.8% to 1%, with phosphorus between 0.7% and 0.8%. To enhance the absorption of phytic acid-bound phosphorus, phytase can be added. Low levels of these minerals may lead to hind limb weakness in lactating sows. It's important to use high-quality sources of calcium and phosphorus in feed formulation. Iron is another essential mineral; sows lose significant amounts during nursing, often leading to iron-deficiency anemia, which affects both health and feed efficiency. A recommended dosage of 70 mg/kg is typically used. Manganese, at 5–10 mg/kg, is important for bone development and reproductive performance. Long-term low manganese intake can cause skeletal deformities, irregular estrus cycles, and reduced milk production. Zinc is vital for hoof, bone, and hair development, and it helps reduce hoof problems and mastitis. The zinc requirement varies by region, but in China, 60 mg/kg is considered suitable. Selenium (0.15 mg/kg) and iodine (0.14 mg/kg) are also necessary for optimal health. Using organic forms of minerals like yeast-based iron, chromium, and selenium improves absorption and reduces mineral antagonism, ensuring better nutrient transfer to the milk and supporting the health of both sows and piglets.
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