Vegetable disease prevention and treatment technology

For many vegetable diseases, it is essential to understand their occurrence patterns and transmission routes in order to implement comprehensive prevention and control measures. Selecting the right pesticide products and applying them strategically can significantly reduce disease outbreaks and spread. In this article, we will analyze the characteristics of pathogens and their transmission methods, exploring how to use pesticides more effectively for disease management. **Combination Strategy One: Soil-Borne Diseases** Soil-borne diseases are among the most challenging issues for vegetable farmers, especially in crops like peppers, tomatoes, and cucumbers. Prevention is always better than cure, and early intervention is crucial. Before planting, soil disinfection is an important step. Additionally, seedling trays should be disinfected to prevent pathogen colonization. Farmers often mix biological agents with pupae to eliminate harmful microbes, then add root-promoting substances like chitin and amino acids to enhance root development and plant resilience. When using biological bacterial fertilizers in planting holes, it's important to avoid antibiotics or copper-based products, as they may kill beneficial bacteria. Instead, opt for probiotics such as *Pseudomonas* or carbendazim. If no biological agents are used, solutions like copper citrate or mesomycin can be applied directly to the roots to prevent disease occurrence. **Combination Strategy Two: Stem Diseases – Spraying and Drenching** Many diseases primarily affect specific parts of the plant, such as stems. For example, pepper blight causes stem blackening, while cucumber blight leads to stem oozing. To manage these, a combination of stem drenching and foliar spraying is effective. Pathogens on the stems are concentrated, so scraping the affected areas and applying fungicides directly can be very helpful. Stems have strong resistance and absorb chemicals slowly, so higher concentrations can be used. For instance, when applying 33.5% copper quinoline, a foliar spray might be diluted 750 times, but a stem application can go up to 200–300 times. Powdered fungicides like thiophanate-methyl can be mixed into a paste for direct application. Alongside stem treatment, foliar sprays are also necessary to prevent the spread of disease to other plant parts. **Combination Strategy Three: Airborne Leaf and Stem Diseases – Spraying and Fumigation** In winter greenhouses, airborne diseases such as gray mold and downy mildew are common. These diseases produce large numbers of spores that spread through the air, and the high humidity inside greenhouses creates ideal conditions for rapid infection. Controlling these diseases is difficult because once they start, they spread quickly. Fumigation has proven to be highly effective in such scenarios. Smoke agents can cover the entire greenhouse without increasing humidity, making them ideal for prevention. However, their curative effect is limited, and they may pose safety risks. Therefore, it is recommended to combine fumigation with spraying for better results. For example, during the day, farmers can spray procymidone or iprodione, and at night, apply procymidone or dimethachlone via smoke. Smoke should be used when there is no wind and the greenhouse is sealed for about 6–8 hours. This method helps cover areas that are not easily reached by sprays, such as walls, pillars, and corners. Author: Liu Huijing Source: Shandong Science and Technology News

Compression Spring

Disc Springs are conical annular discs that bear axial in and out, generally with constant disc thickness and uniform load distribution on the inner edge of the upper surface and the outer edge of the lower edge. Disc springs are usually made of spring steel and can withstand static loads, non-alternating loads, dynamic loads, and can meet strict fatigue life and loading loss requirements

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